Question Bank

Question Bank Elective Paper

Measurement & Evaluation

1.                  What is measurement?

2.                  What is evaluation?

3.                  What is Assessment?

4.                  What is the difference between measurement & evaluation?

5.                  What is the difference between assessment & measurement?

6.                  What is testing?

7.                  State the characteristics of evaluation.

8.                  State the purpose and needs of evaluation.

9.                  Which are the factors playing major role in the concept of evaluation?

10.              Explain the concept, features, merits and limitations of semester system.

11.              Explain the concept, features, merits and limitations of credit & grading system.

12.              What is online exam? State the features of online exam.

13.              What are the merits and demerits of online exam?

14.              What is open book exam? State the merits and demerits of open book exam.

15.              What are the features of open book exam?

16.              Explain the concept of exam on demand (National open Schooling).

17.              What are features and merits of exam on demand?

18.              Explain the concept of continuous remedial evaluation procedure. State the features of it.

19.              State the merits and demerits of continuous remedial evaluation procedure.

20.              What is question bank? State the features, merits & demerits of question bank.

21.              What is evaluation approach?

22.              Explain the components of an evaluation approach.

23.              State the types of evaluation approach. Differentiate between summative evaluation and formative evaluation.

24.              What is the difference between quantitative evaluation & qualitative evaluation?

25.              State the characteristics of good measuring instrument.

26.              What is blue print? State the advantages of blue print.

27.              Explain the steps for preparing blue print.

28.              What is observation? State the advantages & disadvantages of observation.

29.              What is sociometry? State the merits and demerits of sociometry.

30.              How will you use sociometry as a tool to find out the social relation among 10 students?

31.              State the principles to be followed for marking observation.

32.              State the requisites of good observation.

33.              State the need and importance of educational statistics.

34.              State the ways to organize scores.

35.              What is tabulation of data is necessary?

36.              When simple array can be used?

37.              What is frequency distribution? Write the steps for preparing frequency distribution?

38.              Why graphical representation of data is necessary?

39.              State the types of graphical representation.

40.              What point’s one should keep in mind while plotting graph?

41.              What is histogram? What point’s one should keep in mind while plotting histogram?

42.              Write the steps to draw histogram.

43.              What is frequency polygon? What point’s one should keep in mind while plotting frequency polygon?

44.              Write the steps to draw frequency polygon.

45.              What is a measure of central tendency?

46.              State types of measures of central tendency.

47.              State the importance and limitations of measures of central tendency.

48.              What is mean? State the characteristics of mean.

49.              What is median? State the characteristics of median.

50.              State uses of mean & median.

51.              What is mode? State the characteristics & uses of mode.

52.              What is correlation?

53.              State the features of written, oral and practical test.

Note: Examples of mean, median mode and graphical representation (histogram & frequency polygon)

characterisitics of good measuring instrument

Characteristics of good measuring instrument:     

Reliability is the consistency of your measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects. In short, it is the repeatability of your measurement. A measure is considered reliable if a person's score on the same test given twice is similar. It is important to remember that reliability is not measured, it is estimated. A good instrument will produce consistent scores. An instrument’s reliability is estimated using a correlation coefficient of one type or another.

Validity  Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. It is vital for a test to be valid in order for the results to be accurately applied and interpreted. Validity isn’t determined by a single statistic, but by a body of research that demonstrates the relationship between the test and the behavior it is intended to measure. There are three types of validity: It is the strength of our conclusions, inferences or propositions. More formally, Cook and Campbell (1979) define it as the "best available approximation to the truth or falsity of a given inference, proposition or conclusion." In short, were we right? Let's look at a simple example. Say we are studying the effect of strict attendance policies on class participation. In our case, we saw that class participation did increase after the policy was established. Each type of validity would highlight a different aspect of the relationship between our treatment (strict attendance policy) and our observed outcome (increased class participation).

Practicability: It should be feasible & usable. Quality of being usable in context to the objective to be achieved. USABILITY(practicality) ease in administration, scoring, interpretation and application, low cost, proper mechanical make – up

Measurability: It should measure the objective to be achieved.

Type of tests

Written Test:

The test in which students respond to the teacher in writing.

Merits:

1.                  Provide reliable stable & valid type of evaluation

2.                  Planned carefully hoping in view the objectives contents & learning experiences.

3.                  Answers can be assessed through marking scheme & scoring scheme

4.                  Several students can be evaluated at a time & at a various places

5.                  Help us to evaluate the power of comprehension, critical thinking, analysis & synthesis.

Demerits:

1.                  Objectives like skill in handling apparatus, speaking etc. cannot be evaluated.

2.                  Craming & rote memory predominate

3.                  Attitudes & values cannot be assessed

Oral Test:

Learner gives Oral respond to the teacher.

Demerits:

1.                  It is subjective

2.                  Unplanned

3.                  No uniformity in maintaining the standards by examiner

4.                  time consuming

5.                  Shy nature of students is likely to be adversely affected by the examiner presence.

6.                  Doors of prejudice partiality & discrimination opens.

7.                  Very expensive.

Merits:

1.                  Analyze pupils presence of mind

2.                  Soundness of the knowledge acquired by the students

3.                  Upgrade teaching – learning process by shifting emphasis from transmission of information to the development of abilities

4.                  To diagnose pupils limitations & weaknesses & to take remedial action

         

Sociometry

Sociometry:

Designed by J.L. Moreno & Helen Jennings. To know what  other members of the group feel about thesubject whether they like him or not. Asked to name in order of preference one or two individuals with whom they would like to work or play. Studies have been made of many types of social groups including classroom groups. Adds dimension to understanding of social relationships.

Definition:

Sociometry may be described as a means of presenting simply and graphically the entire structure of relations existing at a given time among members of a given group. The major lines of communication or the pattern of attraction & rejection in its full scope are made readily comprehensive at a glance.

Example:

Students were asked to write his first choice about some significant & pertinent type of social setting.

Questions:

1.                  Whom would you like to be the secretary of your debating society?

2.                  Whom would you like to sit next to you in the class or in the bus while going for a picnic?

3.                  With whom do you enjoy most?

Negative questions may also be given to show social rejection.

Data may be tabulated:

1.                  Number, members of the group.

2.                  Write choosers in the vertical columns and chosen in the horizontal column.

3.                  Total choice received by each member may be shown at the bottom.

4.                  In the cells check marks may be shown

5.                  Add the number of each choice.

Social Rejections: In the vertical column rejecters will be listed & in the horizontal column rejected.

Individual has to ask more than one person in order to preference.

Interpretation of Sociogram:

1.                  Concentration of one person at a time

2.                  Detailed study of the choices made & received.

3.                  Isolates is one whom nobody chooses not rejected.

4.                  Star is a member of the group who receives most of the choices.

5.                  Attempts to discover the causes for such selections.

6.                  A triangle shows three persons selecting each other.

Isolated Members means:

1.                  New mwmber of the group.

2.                  shy & withdrawing nature

3.                  not try to make friendships with others

4.                  belong to lower or upper socio – economic level

Selection of Individuals:

1.                  Close relations

2.                  Neighbours

3.                  Common interest & liking

Role of a teacher

1.                  Providing opportunities for developing friendly relations

2.                  Improving social skills

3.                  building up competency for accomplishing something

Use of sociometry:

1.                  Study relationships among members & to improve them.

2.                  To organize classroom groups

3.                  To assist those who have become isolates in the group.

4.                  To assign responsibility to the members of  the group

Limitations of Sociometry:

1.                  Not necessarily stable relationship

2.                  Some members of the group may not reveal their real relationships on account of some fear or other considerations.

            

         

Measures of central Tendency

Characteristics of Mean:-

1)     Each score of the series is affected. If a single score is changed then the mean is changed.

2)     Seriously effected by extreme scores on the end of a series.

3)     Balancing point of a numerical series because the sum of positive & negative deviations from the mean is always zero.

4)     It is an unbiased statistics.

5)     If some constant figure is added, subtracted, multiplied or divided to each score of the series, then the mean is also increased or decreased in the same ratio.

6)     The sum of positive & negative deviation taken from mean is always zero.

7)     The sum of squared deviation taken from the mean is always the minimum.

 1) Uses of Mean:-

-         Distribution of scores is systematically around all scores.

-         When the most stable & reliable measure is required.

-         Calculating higher statistics (standard deviation, correlation)

2) Median:-

 - Position of median is an arranged series is so that half the score lies above it & half below it.

- Series is divided into the equal halves.

- Midpoint of either ascending or descending arranged series above & below which lies the 50% scores.

Definition:-

“When ungrouped scores or other measures are arranged in order of size then median is the midpoint in the series.”

“The median is defined as that point on the scale of measurement above which are exactly half the cases & below which are the other half.”

Computation of Median:-

-         Ungrouped Data:

Mdn = (N + 1/ 2)th item

-         Grouped Data:

      Mdn = L+ [ N/2 - F/fm] x i

Steps for Ungrouped Data:-

-         Arrange scores in ascending or descending order.

-         Add one to the number of scores & divide by two.

Steps for Grouped Data:-

-         When the data is grouped then the median is 50% point of distribution.

Steps:

-         Calculate n/2 ( Half of the total frequencies)

-         See that N/2 lies in which class interval.

-         ‘L’ will be the exact lower limit of the class interval in which N/2 lies.

-         Find out cumulative frequencies below the N/2 class interval (F is the addition of frequencies in each class intervals)

-         Find fm which is the frequency of N/2 class interval

-         Substitute value  of N/2, L, fm, F & I i.e (Length of class interval in which N/2 Lies)

-         First subtract N/2 from F then divide by fm. Multiply it with 5 & add to value of L.

Examples:- Solve using formulas for grouped & ungrouped data.

Characteristics of Median:-

-         Balancing point in a series, above & below which lies 50% of scores.

-         Sum of deviations taken from the median is minimum if signs are neglected.

Uses of Mean:-

-When there are extreme scores in the series

- Actual midpoint of the series is desired.

- When some scores will effect the measure of central tendency, but about them the only information known is that they are situated at the ends of the series.

3) Mode:-

- Most frequent score in a numerical series.

- Value which occurs most frequently in a series.

Computation of Mode:-

1)     Ungrouped Data

Frequent Scores

2)     Grouped Data

Mode=3Md-2M

   Examples:- solve using above formula.

Characterisitics of Mode:-

-         Average widely used in everyday life.

-         Easily understood & determined by inspection alone.

-         Encourages attention to bimodal & multimodal data.

-         It appears best to represent the group.

VI - Coefficient of Correlation – Spearman’s Rank difference Method:

 Meaning:-

  Correlation is concerned with describing the degree of relation between variables.

 The degree to which two variables vary together.

Spearman’s Rank difference method – formula

                      R=1 - 6 sigma D square / n(n2-1)

                      Where

                       Sigma D square= is the square of the difference in ranks

                        N= number of scores

                        N square = square of n

Steps:-

1)     First ranks of x variable are given. One has to observe which is the highest score, it is given first rank & so on. Similarly ranks are given to y variable.

2)     To find out the difference of ranks

3)     Now square this difference to obtain D square.

4)     Now square this value in the formula.

Examples: Solve using the formula

Reference: Measurement & Evaluation in psychology & Education by Dr Bipin Asthana. 

Unit 2: Tools & Techniques of Evaluation:-

b) Tools of Evaluation:-

A)   Qualitative Tools

          I Observation:

             Meaning:

-         Instrument of assessing Personality

-         To measure things very minutely

Definition:

-         Measurement without instruments

    Examples:

1)     Teachers have listened to speeches & ranked student 1,2,3

2)     Students have been labelled good, fair or poor in achievement & lazy or diligent in study.

3)     Farmers feel the breeze watching sky.

4)     Physicians observe of the patients talk, gestures & facial expressions.

   Merits of Direct Observation:

-         Valuable supplementary information

-         Reliable & objective

-         Study of individual in natural situation

-         Used with children of all ages

-         Used with training & experience

-         Adaptable to both individual & group

-         Detection of problems & corrective actions used in students work every situation & work habits.

Limitations & Demerits:

-         Personal prejudices & bias of the observer

-         No accurate observation is noted

-         Small sample of students behaviour (Difficult to observe everything that a student does or says)

-         Reveals the overt behaviour only (Behaviour that is expressed & not that is within)

Principles to be followed in making observation:-

-         Observe whole situation

-         Select one student to observe

-         Observed in their regular activities

-         Observation to be made over period of days

-         Collect observation from several teachers.

Requisites of Good Observation:-

-         Proper Planning

-         Proper Execution

-         Proper Recording

-         Proper Interpretation

Planning of Observation:-

-         Specific activities or unit of behaviour clearly defined.

-         Selection of appropriate group of subjects

-         Scope of observation

-         Length, number & interval between periods

-         Forms of recording

-         Decide instruments

-         Physical position

-         Handy tools

Proper Execution of Observation:-

-         Arrangement of special conditions

-         Physical position

-         Focussing attention

-         Observing discreetly

-         Proper handling of recording instrument

Utilization of training received in terms of expertners