Formative & Summative Evaluation
Formative Evaluation:
1. Evaluated during its developmental stage & corrected accordingly.
2. Evaluated to increase its quality, effectiveness, desirability & utility
3. Evaluated & corrected before finally approving it.
Aim: To point out the short coming of the plan for correction to the person responsible for it.
Definition:
1. Formative evaluation is concerned with judgments made during the design & or development of a programme which are directed towards modifying, forming or otherwise improving the programme before it is completed.
- A. J. Nitko
2. Formative evaluation is conducted to monitor the instructional process, to determine whether learning is taking place as planned.
- R. L. Ebel & D. A. Frisbie
3. Formative evaluation occurs over a period of time & monitors student progress.
- W. Wiersma & S. G. Jurs
Implications of the above definitions:
1. Evaluation is done during an instructional programme.
2. It should aim at the attainment of certain objectives during the implementation of the programme.
3. Formative evaluation is for current students.
4. To monitor learning & modification of programme if needed before its completion.
Characteristics of Formative Evaluation:
1. Relatively focuses on molecular analysis
2. Cause seeking
3. Interested in the broader experiences of the programme users.
4. Design is exploratory & flexible
5. Ignore the local effects of a particular programme
6. Seeks to identify influential variables
7. Feedback of teacher work
8. Analysis of instructional material for mapping the hierarchical structure of the learning tasks & actual teaching of the course for a certain period.
Functions of Formative Evaluation:
1. To collect vivid evidences of merits and demerits of the educational plan.
2. Limitations of the plan should be put for discussion
3. To rmove the pitfalls & make the plan more effective.
Example:
Evaluation during academic session to remove limitation of the students.
Summative Evaluation:
1. After analyzing & implementing
2. Selecting best out of available alternatives – Evaluate desirability
Aim To know whether the scheme or plan should be continued or not. To find out which of the several alternatives should be continued & which should be left out.
Definition:
1. Summative evaluation describes judgements about the merits of an already completed programme, procedure or product.
- A. J. Nitko
2. Summative evaluation is conducted at the end of an instructional segment to determine if learning is sufficiently complete to warrant moving the learner to the next segment of instruction.
- R. L. Ebel & Frisbie
3. Summative evaluation is done at the conclusion of instruction & measures the extent to which students have attained the desired outcomes.
- W. Wiers & S.G. Gurs
Implications of the above definition:
1. Instructional programme should be for the attainment of some objectives.
2. Evaluation is at the end or completion of an instructional programme
3. Evaluation duration may vary
4. Check whether rhere has been earning or not. It yes what is the quantity & quality of the learning in relation to pre-determined objectives.
5. Provide feedback to the classroom teacher for the success or failure of the programme or of the student.
Characteristics of summative evaluation
1. Helps in taking long term decision.
2. Use of well define evaluation design
3. Provides descriptive analysis
4. Stress local effects
5. Non reactive
6. Concerned with broad range of issues
7. Instruments are reliable and valid
Function:
Selecting best out of available alternatives
Example:
Evaluation of academic achievement after the academic session is over.
References:
1. Measurement & evaluation in Psychology by Dr. Bipin Asthana
2. Essentials of examination system by J. C. Aggarwal
3. Essentials of measurement in Education & Psychology by R. A. Sharma
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